协议应当履行原则的教会法渊源与影响
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摘要: 协议应当履行原则渊源于公元4世纪的迦太基宗教会议的判决,到了中世纪,教会法学家进一步将这一判决的结论发展成为一种具有普遍性的契约原则。这一原则的独特之处不仅在于它与当时复兴的罗马法针锋相对,完全否定了契约形式的合理性,而且在于它强调从道德视角来审视契约问题,把契约的效力基础建立在道德因素之上。从道德立场出发,协议应当履行原则,强调当事人的真实意思,反对欺诈行为,同时反对不必要的契约形式,强调信守诺言的重要性。协议应当履行原则经后经院法学者以及自然法学者的进一步阐释,形成了现代契约自由与意志自治原则。在契约缔结及履行过程中,协议应当履行原则所强调的善意、诚信因素,也成为现代契约法处理契约解释与履行问题的重要原则。鉴于契约法所调整的对象并非只是经济生活,还有市民社会的人际关系,因此以经济理性为基础的诸多规则并不能完全适用于契约法领域,现代契约法应该体现一定的道德关怀,否则它将难以摆脱伦理的困境和走向"死亡"的宿命。
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