超声波降解多糖的作用表现、影响因素及机理研究进展
Research progress on ultrasonic degradation of polysaccharides: Effects,influencing factors,and mechanisms
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摘要: 多糖的生物活性与其相对分子质量密切相关,而具有简单、快速、环保、高效等优点的超声波法在降解多糖并增强其生物活性方面日益受到研究者的重视。对近年来超声波降解多糖的作用表现、影响因素及机理研究进行综述,认为:超声波降解可有效改变多糖的物化性质,降低其相对分子质量、溶液黏度及分子空间尺寸,提升其溶解度;还可引发单糖组成、单糖结构,以及分子空间构型、结晶状态等多糖结构的变化,增强多糖的抗氧化、免疫调节、降血糖等生物活性。超声波降解多糖的机理涵盖机械断键、空穴效应及自由基氧化还原反应,且受多糖相对分子质量、温度、超声功率、超声频率等多种因素的综合影响。实际应用中应结合多糖种类与需求优化参数,以调控降解过程。目前,超声波降解多糖的研究种类较单一,未来研究将集中在超声波降解多糖的构效关系与机理解析、同源类多糖降解条件与极限值探索、糖苷键定向裂解技术优化、多糖结构与生物活性关联性分析、降解条件系统拓展、动力学模型精准构建及工业化应用等方面,以促进超声波法在多糖降解中的应用,实现对多糖降解过程的精准调控。Abstract: Polysaccharide bioactivity is closely associated with their molecular weight. Ultrasonic technology featuring simplicity, rapidity, environmental friendliness, and high efficiency has attracted increasing attention for degrading polysaccharides and enhancing their bioactivities. This review provided current advances in understanding ultrasonic degradation effects, mechanisms, and influencing factors. It demonstrated that ultrasonic degradation effectively modifies physicochemical properties by reducing molecular weight, solution viscosity, and particle size while improving solubility. Simultaneously, it induces structural changes in monosaccharide composition, molecular conformation, and crystallization patterns, thereby enhancing antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and hypoglycemic activities. The degradation mechanisms involve mechanical bond cleavage, cavitation effects, and free radical redox reactions, which are modulated by multiple factors including initial molecular weight, temperature, ultrasonic power, and frequency. Practical applications require parameter optimization based on polysaccharide type and desired outcomes. Current research predominantly focuses on limited polysaccharide types. Future directions include elucidating structure-activity relationships, exploring homologous polysaccharide degradation limits, developing targeted glycosidic bond cleavage strategies, analyzing structure-bioactivity correlations, expanding degradation conditions, constructing precise kinetic models, and advancing industrial applications to achieve precise degradation control.
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