环境规制工具的比较分析
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摘要: 企业过度排污及相应的环境污染在本质上根源于外部性问题和市场失灵问题。通过比较庇古税、补贴和可交易许可证3种政策工具在治理污染上的优劣,可以发现:与传统的"命令-控制"方法相比,可交易许可证由于不强制要求特别的技术、统一的排放率和减排比例而给予受规制企业更多的自由,可以使企业以低成本的减排方法达到规制要求,并且允许企业把自己多余的许可证销售给减排成本高昂的其他企业。在制定政策时,还要充分考虑到市场操纵、现存规制环境、监管部门的执行力度和交易成本等因素的影响,以便使可交易许可证这一基于市场激励的环境规制工具最大程度地实现人们期望的经济效益和环境效益。
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