2016 Vol. 31, No. 2
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2016, 31(2)
:1-14.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2096-1553.2016.2.001
Abstract:
The structure-activity relationship, dissolution mechanism and spinning processes of dissolving cellulose, chitin/chitisan, keratin and other natural spinning polymer materials in ionic liquids (ILs) were reviewed. It was concluded that ILs as a class of green and prominent solvents in dissolving natural spinning polymer materials and dry-jet wet spinning provided a new approach to the new generation of green spinning technology. But in order to realize wide industrial application some key scientific problems of ILs spinning should be solvedincluding thorough research of the dissolution mechanism, further design of the functionalized ILs, exploration of the conditions of rheological properties and spinnability, and the recycling of ILs.
The structure-activity relationship, dissolution mechanism and spinning processes of dissolving cellulose, chitin/chitisan, keratin and other natural spinning polymer materials in ionic liquids (ILs) were reviewed. It was concluded that ILs as a class of green and prominent solvents in dissolving natural spinning polymer materials and dry-jet wet spinning provided a new approach to the new generation of green spinning technology. But in order to realize wide industrial application some key scientific problems of ILs spinning should be solvedincluding thorough research of the dissolution mechanism, further design of the functionalized ILs, exploration of the conditions of rheological properties and spinnability, and the recycling of ILs.
2016, 31(2)
:15-20.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2096-1553.2016.2.002
Abstract:
Six typical imidazolium-based ionic liquids were prepared and used as green solvents in the dissolution of the model compound of hemicellulose xylan.The result showed that chloride salts had higher dissolving capacity of xylan.The solubility of xylan could be as high as 12.09 g at 373.2 K.When containing the same anions, the ionic liquids with hydroxyethyl groups had highest dissolving capacity, followed by the ones with allyl and butyl groups.Based on IR spectra measurements, the composition and structure change before and after regeneration of xylan were studied.It was confirmed from microcosmic angle that the hydrogen bonding network in xylan had been partly destroyed by ionic liquids.This process was the main reason why xylan could be dissolved in ionic liquids.
Six typical imidazolium-based ionic liquids were prepared and used as green solvents in the dissolution of the model compound of hemicellulose xylan.The result showed that chloride salts had higher dissolving capacity of xylan.The solubility of xylan could be as high as 12.09 g at 373.2 K.When containing the same anions, the ionic liquids with hydroxyethyl groups had highest dissolving capacity, followed by the ones with allyl and butyl groups.Based on IR spectra measurements, the composition and structure change before and after regeneration of xylan were studied.It was confirmed from microcosmic angle that the hydrogen bonding network in xylan had been partly destroyed by ionic liquids.This process was the main reason why xylan could be dissolved in ionic liquids.
2016, 31(2)
:21-28.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2096-1553.2016.2.003
Abstract:
Expanded vermiculite (EV) doped poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) (EV-PDMS) was prepared through two steps of condensation reactions, in which hydroxyl terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane) was as main part, high temperature EV was as additive, and tetraethoxy-silicane (TEOS) was as coupling agent.And the flame reatardant performance of EV-PDMS was studied.Detections of attenuated total reflectance infrared spectrum (ATR-IR), water contact angle, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed that, EV flakes homogeneously dispersed into PDMS, and crosslinked with PDMS through Si-O-Si covalent bonds; the resultant EV-PDMS elastomer maintained a highly hydrophobic surface.Mechanical properties revealed that, after addition of 60 copies EV, tensile strengths, Young's moduli, and Shao's hardness respectively increase to 4.50, 1.97 and 2.17.Combustion tests revealed that, after addition of 5 copies of decabromodiphenyl oxide (DeDBE) and 5 copies of aluminum hydroxide, flame retardant properties of EV-PDMS reached to FV-0 class, and their limited oxygen indexes (LOI) reached to 69.5%.
Expanded vermiculite (EV) doped poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) (EV-PDMS) was prepared through two steps of condensation reactions, in which hydroxyl terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane) was as main part, high temperature EV was as additive, and tetraethoxy-silicane (TEOS) was as coupling agent.And the flame reatardant performance of EV-PDMS was studied.Detections of attenuated total reflectance infrared spectrum (ATR-IR), water contact angle, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed that, EV flakes homogeneously dispersed into PDMS, and crosslinked with PDMS through Si-O-Si covalent bonds; the resultant EV-PDMS elastomer maintained a highly hydrophobic surface.Mechanical properties revealed that, after addition of 60 copies EV, tensile strengths, Young's moduli, and Shao's hardness respectively increase to 4.50, 1.97 and 2.17.Combustion tests revealed that, after addition of 5 copies of decabromodiphenyl oxide (DeDBE) and 5 copies of aluminum hydroxide, flame retardant properties of EV-PDMS reached to FV-0 class, and their limited oxygen indexes (LOI) reached to 69.5%.
2016, 31(2)
:29-34.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2096-1553.2016.2.004
Abstract:
The thermal decomposition behavior of modified polysulfide rubber (MPR) was investigated by direct analysis in real time-high resolution mass spectrometry (DART-HRMS) independent component analysis (ICA). The DART conditions were optimized, and then two independent component (IC-1 and IC-2) obtained with different ion source temperature under the optimal conditions were processed by ICA. The results showed that ion collection effect of the sample and ionization signal strength were better when sample transmission speed was 0.5 mm/s and ion source grid voltage was 150 V. The sample had good stability when the temperature was lower than 200℃. IC-1 began to decompose at 200℃, and the sample could be decomposed as IC-2 which could characterize the components with lower molecular weights at 350℃. Modified polysulfide rubber had good thermal stability at room temperature environment, and could be widely used in industrial production.
The thermal decomposition behavior of modified polysulfide rubber (MPR) was investigated by direct analysis in real time-high resolution mass spectrometry (DART-HRMS) independent component analysis (ICA). The DART conditions were optimized, and then two independent component (IC-1 and IC-2) obtained with different ion source temperature under the optimal conditions were processed by ICA. The results showed that ion collection effect of the sample and ionization signal strength were better when sample transmission speed was 0.5 mm/s and ion source grid voltage was 150 V. The sample had good stability when the temperature was lower than 200℃. IC-1 began to decompose at 200℃, and the sample could be decomposed as IC-2 which could characterize the components with lower molecular weights at 350℃. Modified polysulfide rubber had good thermal stability at room temperature environment, and could be widely used in industrial production.
2016, 31(2)
:35-40.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2096-1553.2016.2.005
Abstract:
10 % reconstituted tobacco contained tea with proportion of 0%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16% by spreading method was added to the blank blend to make the cigarettes for comparative investigation.Firstly, the sensory difference among various adding proportion was compared by sensory evaluation, then the volatile components of smoke was analyzed by GC-MS qualitatively and quantitatively.The sensory results showed that appropriate amount addition of tea sheet into tobacco blending could improve the smoking quality of the cigarettes.The results of GC-MS analysis showed that after adding cigarettes with four different proportions, compared with various kinds of aroma compnents in blank cigarette, the contents of aldehydes and ketones, heterocyclic compounds and terpene were increased obviously.And the contents of aroma components in smoke particulate phase were enhanced with increase of tea adding proportion.At the tea adding percentage of 16%, all kinds of material content reached the highest value(24.9%, 27.2% and 13.8%, respectively), but the change of esters contents was not obvious.This study indicated that tea-added reconstituted tobacco could modify the cigarette smoke and increase the flavor components.
10 % reconstituted tobacco contained tea with proportion of 0%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16% by spreading method was added to the blank blend to make the cigarettes for comparative investigation.Firstly, the sensory difference among various adding proportion was compared by sensory evaluation, then the volatile components of smoke was analyzed by GC-MS qualitatively and quantitatively.The sensory results showed that appropriate amount addition of tea sheet into tobacco blending could improve the smoking quality of the cigarettes.The results of GC-MS analysis showed that after adding cigarettes with four different proportions, compared with various kinds of aroma compnents in blank cigarette, the contents of aldehydes and ketones, heterocyclic compounds and terpene were increased obviously.And the contents of aroma components in smoke particulate phase were enhanced with increase of tea adding proportion.At the tea adding percentage of 16%, all kinds of material content reached the highest value(24.9%, 27.2% and 13.8%, respectively), but the change of esters contents was not obvious.This study indicated that tea-added reconstituted tobacco could modify the cigarette smoke and increase the flavor components.
2016, 31(2)
:41-46,65.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2096-1553.2016.2.006
Abstract:
With the cylinder temperature, the hot air speed and the entrance material flow in the cylinder dryer as control variables, the comparative analysis was made on the influence of different control variables on the physical quality, chemical conventional ingredients, sensory quality, response speed and stability of the cigarette products.The results showed that: 1)No regularly difference was found between different control variables on the physical quality like silk rate, broken rate and filling value. 2)Total water soluble sugar and total reducing sugar in hot air speed control mode were higher than others, while total nitrogen, total vegetable base, potassium and chlorine content had no regularly difference. 3)The sensory quality of the hot air speed control mode was the best, and the cylinder temperature fluctuation was very easy to have impact on the sensory quality of the product, while the entrance of material flow fluctuation had little effect on the sensory quality. 4)The hot air speed control mode had a fast response and a good stability of outlet moisture, and the entrance material flow control mode had a slow response and a poor stability.
With the cylinder temperature, the hot air speed and the entrance material flow in the cylinder dryer as control variables, the comparative analysis was made on the influence of different control variables on the physical quality, chemical conventional ingredients, sensory quality, response speed and stability of the cigarette products.The results showed that: 1)No regularly difference was found between different control variables on the physical quality like silk rate, broken rate and filling value. 2)Total water soluble sugar and total reducing sugar in hot air speed control mode were higher than others, while total nitrogen, total vegetable base, potassium and chlorine content had no regularly difference. 3)The sensory quality of the hot air speed control mode was the best, and the cylinder temperature fluctuation was very easy to have impact on the sensory quality of the product, while the entrance of material flow fluctuation had little effect on the sensory quality. 4)The hot air speed control mode had a fast response and a good stability of outlet moisture, and the entrance material flow control mode had a slow response and a poor stability.
2016, 31(2)
:47-53.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2096-1553.2016.2.007
Abstract:
In order to investigate moisture retention of different leaf tobacco materials, the moisture retention of flue-cured tobacco, tobacco sheet expanded stem burley tobacco and oriental tobacco were detected by the moisture content testing glove box.With water losing time fitting curve in water losing process by Weibull model and characterization time parameter α as indicators of material mositure retentivity.The results showed that: Weibull model could be well used for characterization of tobacco samples drying dynamics; The moisture retentivity in different stalk positions of tobacco: middle> upper> bottom;The moisture retentivity in different varieties were as follows: K326> Hongda> Yun87;The moisture retentivity in different types of tobacco were as follows: Yun87 C3F> expanded stem> oriental tobacco> tobacco stem> burley tobacco;The material moisture retentivity of freeze-dried sample was better than that of the equilibrium sample.
In order to investigate moisture retention of different leaf tobacco materials, the moisture retention of flue-cured tobacco, tobacco sheet expanded stem burley tobacco and oriental tobacco were detected by the moisture content testing glove box.With water losing time fitting curve in water losing process by Weibull model and characterization time parameter α as indicators of material mositure retentivity.The results showed that: Weibull model could be well used for characterization of tobacco samples drying dynamics; The moisture retentivity in different stalk positions of tobacco: middle> upper> bottom;The moisture retentivity in different varieties were as follows: K326> Hongda> Yun87;The moisture retentivity in different types of tobacco were as follows: Yun87 C3F> expanded stem> oriental tobacco> tobacco stem> burley tobacco;The material moisture retentivity of freeze-dried sample was better than that of the equilibrium sample.
2016, 31(2)
:54-65.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2096-1553.2016.2.008
Abstract:
The future development trend of China's electric powergrid is smart grid, which include such features as flexible, clean, secure, economic, friendly and so on. Based on the concept of "strong smart grid" presented in China, the driving force of development of smart grid in China is concentrated on these aspects, including the inverse distribution between energy structure and load, improving the ability of clean energy consumption, promoting low-carbon energy saving and environmental protection, the requirement of enhancing the reliability of power supply and the manufacturing capacity of equipment and so on. The smart grid construction is faced with these problems at the present stage, such as the strong growth in demand for electricity, the increasing pressure on resources and the environment, improving of regional differences in service needs, electricity reform is not yet perfect and so on. Focusing on those problems, the specific suggestions as improving the investment decision-making and planning of power grid was put forward, fault treatment and asset management and maintenance management, strengthening the demand side management and the standard system construction. Furthermore, in the future development of smart grid in China, hardware upgrade as network planning, construction, reconstruction and technical upgrading should be in consideration, the requirement of operational control, asset management and user management also should be met, the integration of the power flow, integrated business flow and information flow, and the realization of flexible access of diversified power supply should be achieved to provide convenience to each step of power users to accelerate the realization of the entire intelligent network on the management and maintenance of control and operation, and finally build a national smart grid ahead of the international level with Chinese characteristics.
The future development trend of China's electric powergrid is smart grid, which include such features as flexible, clean, secure, economic, friendly and so on. Based on the concept of "strong smart grid" presented in China, the driving force of development of smart grid in China is concentrated on these aspects, including the inverse distribution between energy structure and load, improving the ability of clean energy consumption, promoting low-carbon energy saving and environmental protection, the requirement of enhancing the reliability of power supply and the manufacturing capacity of equipment and so on. The smart grid construction is faced with these problems at the present stage, such as the strong growth in demand for electricity, the increasing pressure on resources and the environment, improving of regional differences in service needs, electricity reform is not yet perfect and so on. Focusing on those problems, the specific suggestions as improving the investment decision-making and planning of power grid was put forward, fault treatment and asset management and maintenance management, strengthening the demand side management and the standard system construction. Furthermore, in the future development of smart grid in China, hardware upgrade as network planning, construction, reconstruction and technical upgrading should be in consideration, the requirement of operational control, asset management and user management also should be met, the integration of the power flow, integrated business flow and information flow, and the realization of flexible access of diversified power supply should be achieved to provide convenience to each step of power users to accelerate the realization of the entire intelligent network on the management and maintenance of control and operation, and finally build a national smart grid ahead of the international level with Chinese characteristics.
2016, 31(2)
:66-73.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2096-1553.2016.2.009
Abstract:
Aiming at the impacts of wind power integration capacity and accommodation on small signal stability of interconnected power systems, based on the comprehensive model of the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), detailed analysis of different wind turbine output and accommodation, the system oscillation mode and dynamic response curve under accomodation mode were carried out on a two-area four generators system by using the eigenvalue analysis and dynamic time-domain simulation.Results showed that wind turbine generator accomodation could increase the damping of interconnected power system and decrease low frequency oscillation in mode of accomodation on distance.
Aiming at the impacts of wind power integration capacity and accommodation on small signal stability of interconnected power systems, based on the comprehensive model of the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), detailed analysis of different wind turbine output and accommodation, the system oscillation mode and dynamic response curve under accomodation mode were carried out on a two-area four generators system by using the eigenvalue analysis and dynamic time-domain simulation.Results showed that wind turbine generator accomodation could increase the damping of interconnected power system and decrease low frequency oscillation in mode of accomodation on distance.
2016, 31(2)
:74-80.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2096-1553.2016.2.010
Abstract:
Based on the uniform design method, six solar heat storage devices were disigned, the phase change material of paraffin RT110 was encapsulated in the heat storage unit of cylindrical tube with inner finned, and the heat storage unit model was established and its heat storage properties were investigated. Results showed that the structure and size of the heat storage unit had a great influence on heat storage rate of phase change materials. The smaller the inner diameter, the more the fins and the longer the fin width, the capacity of heat storage was greater. The capacity of heat storage was influenced greatly by the second-order interaction of various factors. The fin width, the fin number and the inside diameter of cylindricity collaboratively affected the capacity of heat storage unit.
Based on the uniform design method, six solar heat storage devices were disigned, the phase change material of paraffin RT110 was encapsulated in the heat storage unit of cylindrical tube with inner finned, and the heat storage unit model was established and its heat storage properties were investigated. Results showed that the structure and size of the heat storage unit had a great influence on heat storage rate of phase change materials. The smaller the inner diameter, the more the fins and the longer the fin width, the capacity of heat storage was greater. The capacity of heat storage was influenced greatly by the second-order interaction of various factors. The fin width, the fin number and the inside diameter of cylindricity collaboratively affected the capacity of heat storage unit.
2016, 31(2)
:81-86.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2096-1553.2016.2.011
Abstract:
For coal mine outdoor double intelligent cabinet is easy to have high temperature breakdown problems and even explode in operation, based on the computational fluid mechanics, using Fluent software analysis was made.According to the coal mine outdoor double layer structure and the working conditions etc, the finite element model was set up, and the boundary conditions were set.By orthogonal experiment, a simulation scheme was designed, the effect factors of temperature inside cabinet (exhaust air fan Q, shutter row number N and intelligent component layout C)were analyzed. It was concluded that the factors' influence on cabinet of significance was as follows: Q> N> C.The optimal design scheme was selected to make that the highest temperature of the cabinet was 50℃ , thus meeting the requirement of temperature control of State Grid.The error between the numerical simulation and experimental results was 4.2%, which verified the correctness of the finite element simulation and provided a reference for design and analysis of high temperature performance outdoor double intelligent cabinet.
For coal mine outdoor double intelligent cabinet is easy to have high temperature breakdown problems and even explode in operation, based on the computational fluid mechanics, using Fluent software analysis was made.According to the coal mine outdoor double layer structure and the working conditions etc, the finite element model was set up, and the boundary conditions were set.By orthogonal experiment, a simulation scheme was designed, the effect factors of temperature inside cabinet (exhaust air fan Q, shutter row number N and intelligent component layout C)were analyzed. It was concluded that the factors' influence on cabinet of significance was as follows: Q> N> C.The optimal design scheme was selected to make that the highest temperature of the cabinet was 50℃ , thus meeting the requirement of temperature control of State Grid.The error between the numerical simulation and experimental results was 4.2%, which verified the correctness of the finite element simulation and provided a reference for design and analysis of high temperature performance outdoor double intelligent cabinet.
2016, 31(2)
:87-96.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2096-1553.2016.2.012
Abstract:
Because of redundant driving characteristics of the reptile-like quadruped bionic robot, displacement analysis process of forward kinematics was very difficult.The modeling technology of digital model for the reptile-like quadruped bionic robot base on the quadruped bionic robot configuration was as follows: frame size and active driving angle were driven by parameterized model, to make the robot move to the corresponding position.The coordinate system was built in preliminary sketch after the position and posture of robot were confirmed.The parameters were measured by SolidWorks measuring functions and then the position and posture result of robot were obtained through combining homogeneous matrices.When the method was applied to analyze kinematics of robot, rather than the derivation of detailed kinematics formula, only the active constraint and passive constraint relationship among the parts of robot was required.The idea of the method could be used widely for kinematics analysis of redundant driving structure.
Because of redundant driving characteristics of the reptile-like quadruped bionic robot, displacement analysis process of forward kinematics was very difficult.The modeling technology of digital model for the reptile-like quadruped bionic robot base on the quadruped bionic robot configuration was as follows: frame size and active driving angle were driven by parameterized model, to make the robot move to the corresponding position.The coordinate system was built in preliminary sketch after the position and posture of robot were confirmed.The parameters were measured by SolidWorks measuring functions and then the position and posture result of robot were obtained through combining homogeneous matrices.When the method was applied to analyze kinematics of robot, rather than the derivation of detailed kinematics formula, only the active constraint and passive constraint relationship among the parts of robot was required.The idea of the method could be used widely for kinematics analysis of redundant driving structure.
2016, 31(2)
:97-102.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2096-1553.2016.2.013
Abstract:
Aiming at security and privacy issues existing in the process of authentication and authorization of RFID tags ownership transfer, combining with the principles of Class-Programming and overload, a RFID tag ownership transfer protocol based on dynamic overload was presented.It improved iterative mechanism of pseudo-random sequence generator on the basis of an PUF component, utilized self-compiling extension factor generated by chips to enhance randomness of output, constructed lightweight set of candidate functions for both communication sides so as to achieve dynamic execution of algorithms in ownership transfer process which via the overload principle in Object-Oriented programming.The security and computing cost of protocol analysis results showed that the new protocol provided tag with secure ownership transfer on the basis of authentication efficiency and authorization, and it had higher security and lower computation cost compared with similar protocols.
Aiming at security and privacy issues existing in the process of authentication and authorization of RFID tags ownership transfer, combining with the principles of Class-Programming and overload, a RFID tag ownership transfer protocol based on dynamic overload was presented.It improved iterative mechanism of pseudo-random sequence generator on the basis of an PUF component, utilized self-compiling extension factor generated by chips to enhance randomness of output, constructed lightweight set of candidate functions for both communication sides so as to achieve dynamic execution of algorithms in ownership transfer process which via the overload principle in Object-Oriented programming.The security and computing cost of protocol analysis results showed that the new protocol provided tag with secure ownership transfer on the basis of authentication efficiency and authorization, and it had higher security and lower computation cost compared with similar protocols.
2016, 31(2)
:103-108.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2096-1553.2016.2.014
Abstract:
In order to solve the problems such as easy falling into local optimum particle and slow convergence speed in traditional particle swarm optimization(PSO) algorithm, an independent component analysis(ICA) algorithm based on the improved PSO algorithm was proposed.The method chose the value of the inertia weight factor ω randomly in the section to make the particle have adaptive ability.Because of this, the improved PSO algorithm could search the optical particle quickly.Meanwhile, it used the mutual information in ICA as the objective function, and the improved PSO algorithm to optimize the objective function, which made the components to be independent among each other.Simulation results showed the proposed method inproved the global search ability, could separate the mixed signal effectively and improved the result of the blind source separation.
In order to solve the problems such as easy falling into local optimum particle and slow convergence speed in traditional particle swarm optimization(PSO) algorithm, an independent component analysis(ICA) algorithm based on the improved PSO algorithm was proposed.The method chose the value of the inertia weight factor ω randomly in the section to make the particle have adaptive ability.Because of this, the improved PSO algorithm could search the optical particle quickly.Meanwhile, it used the mutual information in ICA as the objective function, and the improved PSO algorithm to optimize the objective function, which made the components to be independent among each other.Simulation results showed the proposed method inproved the global search ability, could separate the mixed signal effectively and improved the result of the blind source separation.
Journal Information
Founded in 1986， bimonthly
Administered by：The Education Department Henan Province
Sponsored by：Zhengzhou University of Light Industry
Editor-in-chief：Wei Shizhong
Executive Editor-in-Chief：Zou Lin
Subeditor：Qu Shuanghong
Edited & published by：Editorial Department of Journal of Light Industry
CN 41-1437/TS
ISSN 2096-1553
Address：136 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
Postal Code：450001
Tel：(086)0371-86608635
(086)0371-86608633
