2022 Vol. 37, No. 2
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2022, 37(2)
:1-14.
doi: 10.12187/2022.02.001
Abstract:
Based on the main characteristics and basic information (sensory threshold, aroma description, odor specific magnitude estimation, odor activity value, etc.) of volatile compounds in Chinese strong-flavor Baijiu (CSFB), the important aroma compounds, the description of aroma sensory and its related volatile compounds, as well as the regional characteristics of volatile compounds in CSFB were reviewed. The main characteristics of trace components in CSFB were their low content, wide variety, wide range of sensory threshold value, diverse aroma senses and the complexity of interaction among them. The sensory threshold and aroma contribution of 115 volatile compounds in CSFB were described, and 38 important aroma compounds were concluded, which were mainly assigned into the compounds of acids, esters, aromatic and alcohol. The composition and content of volatile compounds are significantly related to the regional characteristics and aroma senses of CSFB. For example, the compounds assigned into pyrazine are the material basis of roasting aroma in CSFB, and 22 compounds including ethyl acetate, 2,3,5-three methyl pyrazine, 2-Pentanone, etc., were characteristic compounds for distinguishing the CSFB respectively produced from Sichuan and Jianghuai regions. In view of the shortcomings of the sensory evaluation and the construction of flavor wheel of CSFB, it was pointed out that the future research on the system of terminology standard for liquor sensory description, the correlation between aroma sensory characteristics and volatile compounds, and the interaction between trace components of CSFB should be further studied, which aimed to promote research on selecting the key flavor components of liquor, controlling of off-flavor substances, establishing systematic sensory evaluation methods and forming the ecological brewing concept, laying the foundation for the high-quality development of the Baijiu industry.
Based on the main characteristics and basic information (sensory threshold, aroma description, odor specific magnitude estimation, odor activity value, etc.) of volatile compounds in Chinese strong-flavor Baijiu (CSFB), the important aroma compounds, the description of aroma sensory and its related volatile compounds, as well as the regional characteristics of volatile compounds in CSFB were reviewed. The main characteristics of trace components in CSFB were their low content, wide variety, wide range of sensory threshold value, diverse aroma senses and the complexity of interaction among them. The sensory threshold and aroma contribution of 115 volatile compounds in CSFB were described, and 38 important aroma compounds were concluded, which were mainly assigned into the compounds of acids, esters, aromatic and alcohol. The composition and content of volatile compounds are significantly related to the regional characteristics and aroma senses of CSFB. For example, the compounds assigned into pyrazine are the material basis of roasting aroma in CSFB, and 22 compounds including ethyl acetate, 2,3,5-three methyl pyrazine, 2-Pentanone, etc., were characteristic compounds for distinguishing the CSFB respectively produced from Sichuan and Jianghuai regions. In view of the shortcomings of the sensory evaluation and the construction of flavor wheel of CSFB, it was pointed out that the future research on the system of terminology standard for liquor sensory description, the correlation between aroma sensory characteristics and volatile compounds, and the interaction between trace components of CSFB should be further studied, which aimed to promote research on selecting the key flavor components of liquor, controlling of off-flavor substances, establishing systematic sensory evaluation methods and forming the ecological brewing concept, laying the foundation for the high-quality development of the Baijiu industry.
2022, 37(2)
:15-22.
doi: 10.12187/2022.02.002
Abstract:
4-vinylguaiacol (4-VG) is an important flavor substance in wheat beer. In order to promote the production of 4-VG, the brewing process of wheat beer was optimized by single factor test combined with response surface methodology with barley malt and wheat malt as raw materials and WA-04 as fermentation strain.The fermentation dynamic model was established by studying the dynamic changes of 4-VG in the fermentation process. The results showed that the best technological conditions of wheat beer brewing were wheat malt addition amount of 45.9%, yeast inoculation amount of 1.4×107 CFU/mL and fermentation temperature of 20.1 ℃. Under these conditions, the 4-VG mass concentration in wheat beer reached 2.30 mg/L. According to the WA-04 growth kinetic model and 4-VG formation kinetic model, the fermentation kinetic model of 4-VG formation by beer yeast belonged to type Ⅰ coupling relationship.
4-vinylguaiacol (4-VG) is an important flavor substance in wheat beer. In order to promote the production of 4-VG, the brewing process of wheat beer was optimized by single factor test combined with response surface methodology with barley malt and wheat malt as raw materials and WA-04 as fermentation strain.The fermentation dynamic model was established by studying the dynamic changes of 4-VG in the fermentation process. The results showed that the best technological conditions of wheat beer brewing were wheat malt addition amount of 45.9%, yeast inoculation amount of 1.4×107 CFU/mL and fermentation temperature of 20.1 ℃. Under these conditions, the 4-VG mass concentration in wheat beer reached 2.30 mg/L. According to the WA-04 growth kinetic model and 4-VG formation kinetic model, the fermentation kinetic model of 4-VG formation by beer yeast belonged to type Ⅰ coupling relationship.
2022, 37(2)
:23-29.
doi: 10.12187/2022.02.003
Abstract:
Taking the spices in cooked flavor craytish as the research object, the angle of repose, the slip angle, the swelling capacity and the dissolution effect of different particle size were studied after micro-grinding and screening. In addition, the color, sensory, volatile flavor components and adding amount of the boiled liquid of the spices were compared and analyzed. The results showed that with the decrease of particle size, the angle of repose and the slip angle of the material increased gradually, while the swelling capacity decreased gradually. Spices of 820~1500 μm could achieve the highest spice dissolution effect and the most intense aroma. Compared with the original size of spices, relative content of volatile flavor compounds in 820 μm spices was higher. The 820 μm spices was the most suitable for cooking the soup of cooked flavor craytish and its additive amount was 3~4 g/L.
Taking the spices in cooked flavor craytish as the research object, the angle of repose, the slip angle, the swelling capacity and the dissolution effect of different particle size were studied after micro-grinding and screening. In addition, the color, sensory, volatile flavor components and adding amount of the boiled liquid of the spices were compared and analyzed. The results showed that with the decrease of particle size, the angle of repose and the slip angle of the material increased gradually, while the swelling capacity decreased gradually. Spices of 820~1500 μm could achieve the highest spice dissolution effect and the most intense aroma. Compared with the original size of spices, relative content of volatile flavor compounds in 820 μm spices was higher. The 820 μm spices was the most suitable for cooking the soup of cooked flavor craytish and its additive amount was 3~4 g/L.
2022, 37(2)
:30-37.
doi: 10.12187/2022.02.004
Abstract:
With cow dung compost as the natural microflora and glucose as fermentation substrate, the effect of microwave irradiation pretreatment on dark fermentative hydrogen production was investigated. The microbial community structure of bacteria and archaea was analyzed by Illumina NovaSeq sequencing to reveal the effect mechanism of microwave irradiation pretreatment on bio-hydrogen production. The results showed that the hydrogen yield and content of butyrate were significantly increased after microwave irradiation pretreatment, which were 27.9% and 24.1% higher than that of the control. The diversity of microbial communities was reduced with microwave irradiation pretreatment, and the species abundance of the main hydrogen producing microorganisms of Bacillus spp. was increased, while the hydrogen consumption archaea of methanogens was decreased. The hydrogen production could be significantly improved with the enrichment of hydrogen producing microorganisms and suppression of the activity of hydrogen consuming microorganisms.
With cow dung compost as the natural microflora and glucose as fermentation substrate, the effect of microwave irradiation pretreatment on dark fermentative hydrogen production was investigated. The microbial community structure of bacteria and archaea was analyzed by Illumina NovaSeq sequencing to reveal the effect mechanism of microwave irradiation pretreatment on bio-hydrogen production. The results showed that the hydrogen yield and content of butyrate were significantly increased after microwave irradiation pretreatment, which were 27.9% and 24.1% higher than that of the control. The diversity of microbial communities was reduced with microwave irradiation pretreatment, and the species abundance of the main hydrogen producing microorganisms of Bacillus spp. was increased, while the hydrogen consumption archaea of methanogens was decreased. The hydrogen production could be significantly improved with the enrichment of hydrogen producing microorganisms and suppression of the activity of hydrogen consuming microorganisms.
2022, 37(2)
:38-43.
doi: 10.12187/2022.02.005
Abstract:
Quinoa protein isolates (QPI) was extracted by alkali solubilization and acid precipitation method, and modified by medium intensity ultrasonic (power was 500 W). The influence of intensity ultrasonic treatment on QPI functional properties and microstructure was studied.The results showed that the purity of QPI was 87.78%, and it was mainly composed of albumin, globulin, gliadin and gluten. Ultrasound treatment significantly increased the solubility of QPI (P<0.05) and the highest solubility (78.25%) was obtained at the time of 60 min. Meanwhile, the emulsification of QPI increased with the increase of ultrasonic time (P<0.05). Ultrasonic treatment significantly decreased the average particle size of QPI (P<0.05) and the minimum average particle size was 56.86 μm at 60 min. Compared with untreated samples, after ultrasonic treatment for 60 min, the particles were denser and more uniform, and the surface was more wrinkled.
Quinoa protein isolates (QPI) was extracted by alkali solubilization and acid precipitation method, and modified by medium intensity ultrasonic (power was 500 W). The influence of intensity ultrasonic treatment on QPI functional properties and microstructure was studied.The results showed that the purity of QPI was 87.78%, and it was mainly composed of albumin, globulin, gliadin and gluten. Ultrasound treatment significantly increased the solubility of QPI (P<0.05) and the highest solubility (78.25%) was obtained at the time of 60 min. Meanwhile, the emulsification of QPI increased with the increase of ultrasonic time (P<0.05). Ultrasonic treatment significantly decreased the average particle size of QPI (P<0.05) and the minimum average particle size was 56.86 μm at 60 min. Compared with untreated samples, after ultrasonic treatment for 60 min, the particles were denser and more uniform, and the surface was more wrinkled.
2022, 37(2)
:44-50.
doi: 10.12187/2022.02.006
Abstract:
Using chitosan as the wall material, sweet orange oil as the core material, and sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) as the cross-linking agent, the sweet orange oil nanocapsules were prepared by the complex aggregation method. Through single factor test and orthogonal test, the process conditions were optimized, and the evaluation of particle size and distribution, surface structure, physical stability, thermal stability and embedding situation of sweet orange oil nanocapsules were analyzed. The results showed that the optimal process conditions for preparing sweet orange oil nanocapsules by complex aggregation method were chitosan mass concentration 1.8 mg/mL, tween 20 mass concentration 1.2 mg/mL, and sweet orange oil mass concentration 3.6 mg/mL; The average particle size of the sweet orange oil nano-microcapsule emulsion prepared under the optimal conditions was about 500 nm, showing a normal distribution, and the emulsion had good physical stability. The orange oil nano microcapsule had good thermal stability. Infrared spectroscopy showed that orange oil was successfully embedded in chitosan.
Using chitosan as the wall material, sweet orange oil as the core material, and sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) as the cross-linking agent, the sweet orange oil nanocapsules were prepared by the complex aggregation method. Through single factor test and orthogonal test, the process conditions were optimized, and the evaluation of particle size and distribution, surface structure, physical stability, thermal stability and embedding situation of sweet orange oil nanocapsules were analyzed. The results showed that the optimal process conditions for preparing sweet orange oil nanocapsules by complex aggregation method were chitosan mass concentration 1.8 mg/mL, tween 20 mass concentration 1.2 mg/mL, and sweet orange oil mass concentration 3.6 mg/mL; The average particle size of the sweet orange oil nano-microcapsule emulsion prepared under the optimal conditions was about 500 nm, showing a normal distribution, and the emulsion had good physical stability. The orange oil nano microcapsule had good thermal stability. Infrared spectroscopy showed that orange oil was successfully embedded in chitosan.
2022, 37(2)
:51-58.
doi: 10.12187/2022.02.007
Abstract:
Subcritical fluid extraction was used to extract the essential oil from grapefruit fruitlet, The chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed by GC-MS, the antioxidant activity of the essential oil was preliminally investigated by using AAPH induced hemolysis model. The results showed that a total of 126 active components were identified in the essential oil of grapefruit fruitlet, including 7 main compounds: alcohols, terpenes, ketones, esters, aldehydes, phenols and alkanes. Alcohols were the main compounds, with a total of 11 species and a relative content of 16.43%. There were 10 terpenes with a relative content of 5.37%, and 10 ketones, with a relative content of 3.71%. After grapefruit fruitlet essential oil pretreatment, the erythrocyte hemolysis induced by AAPH was restrained, MDA concentration and LDH release quantity in extracellular decreased, which not only protected the cell membrane integrity, but also reduced oxidative stress reaction in the cell. It could be concluded that grapefruit fruitlet essential oil was able to remove free radicals, thereby inhibiting AAPH cause erythrocyte hemolysis.
Subcritical fluid extraction was used to extract the essential oil from grapefruit fruitlet, The chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed by GC-MS, the antioxidant activity of the essential oil was preliminally investigated by using AAPH induced hemolysis model. The results showed that a total of 126 active components were identified in the essential oil of grapefruit fruitlet, including 7 main compounds: alcohols, terpenes, ketones, esters, aldehydes, phenols and alkanes. Alcohols were the main compounds, with a total of 11 species and a relative content of 16.43%. There were 10 terpenes with a relative content of 5.37%, and 10 ketones, with a relative content of 3.71%. After grapefruit fruitlet essential oil pretreatment, the erythrocyte hemolysis induced by AAPH was restrained, MDA concentration and LDH release quantity in extracellular decreased, which not only protected the cell membrane integrity, but also reduced oxidative stress reaction in the cell. It could be concluded that grapefruit fruitlet essential oil was able to remove free radicals, thereby inhibiting AAPH cause erythrocyte hemolysis.
2022, 37(2)
:59-64.
doi: 10.12187/2022.02.008
Abstract:
In order to investigate the effect of drying intensity on aroma components, sensory quality and physical index of oriental tobacco, the samples of cut oriental tobacco were made from domestic blended tobacco leaves under five different drying intensities. The results were showed as follows: with the increasing of drying intensity, the total amount of volatile organic acids and nonvolatile organic acids declined, especially, the total amount of volatile organic acids decreased by more than 50%. The total amount of Maillard reaction products in neutral aroma compounds increased by 56%, while the content of neophytadiene decreased by 40%. The total amount of neutral aroma components increased at first and then decreased, which got the highest content in medium drying intensity. Reducing drying intensity is beneficial to highlighting the characteristic aroma of oriental tobacco, however, the best overall sensory quality was gotten under lower and medium drying intensity. The increase of drying intensity was beneficial to improving the filling ability of the cut tobacco, but it would also increase the crushing degree of the cut tobacco. In conclusion, lower and medium drying intensity was suitable for the drying of oriental tobacco.
In order to investigate the effect of drying intensity on aroma components, sensory quality and physical index of oriental tobacco, the samples of cut oriental tobacco were made from domestic blended tobacco leaves under five different drying intensities. The results were showed as follows: with the increasing of drying intensity, the total amount of volatile organic acids and nonvolatile organic acids declined, especially, the total amount of volatile organic acids decreased by more than 50%. The total amount of Maillard reaction products in neutral aroma compounds increased by 56%, while the content of neophytadiene decreased by 40%. The total amount of neutral aroma components increased at first and then decreased, which got the highest content in medium drying intensity. Reducing drying intensity is beneficial to highlighting the characteristic aroma of oriental tobacco, however, the best overall sensory quality was gotten under lower and medium drying intensity. The increase of drying intensity was beneficial to improving the filling ability of the cut tobacco, but it would also increase the crushing degree of the cut tobacco. In conclusion, lower and medium drying intensity was suitable for the drying of oriental tobacco.
2022, 37(2)
:65-70.
doi: 10.12187/2022.02.009
Abstract:
Aiming at the problem of insufficient stability of outlet moisture content in tobacco cut stem airflow drying, an integrated model combining trend prediction adjustment control and zoning feedback adjustment control was designed based on the original PID control model. The gap between the actual value and the set value of outlet moisture content was divided into several different intervals in this model, and a real-time control strategy was determined by the interval of gap lied in and the change trend in the interval. At the same time, according to the change trend of inlet moisture content, the change of outlet moisture content was predicted and necessary adjustments were taken. The practical application research results showed that the standard deviation of outlet moisture content in tobacco cut stem airflow drying was reduced by 27.9% after applying the integrated control model, CPK increased by 45.4%. The integrated control model could effectively improve the stability of outlet moisture content in tobacco cut stem airflow drying.
Aiming at the problem of insufficient stability of outlet moisture content in tobacco cut stem airflow drying, an integrated model combining trend prediction adjustment control and zoning feedback adjustment control was designed based on the original PID control model. The gap between the actual value and the set value of outlet moisture content was divided into several different intervals in this model, and a real-time control strategy was determined by the interval of gap lied in and the change trend in the interval. At the same time, according to the change trend of inlet moisture content, the change of outlet moisture content was predicted and necessary adjustments were taken. The practical application research results showed that the standard deviation of outlet moisture content in tobacco cut stem airflow drying was reduced by 27.9% after applying the integrated control model, CPK increased by 45.4%. The integrated control model could effectively improve the stability of outlet moisture content in tobacco cut stem airflow drying.
2022, 37(2)
:71-77.
doi: 10.12187/2022.02.010
Abstract:
A quantitative characterization method of tobacco stem re-permeability was established by texture analyzer, and the best instrument test parameters were determined. The method was used to characterize the degree of tobacco stem re-premeability under different regions, specifications and moisture regain parameters. The results showed that the best test parameters: the probe model was HDP/BSK shear type probe, the probe's pre-test, test and return speed was 5.0 mm/s, 1.0 mm/s, 5.0 mm/s, respectively trigger force was 15 g, and strain was 170%; the intra-day and inter-day precisions were 6.44% and 4.26%, indicating that this quantitative characterization method had high precision and good repeatability, which could objectively evaluate the degree of re-permeability of tobacco stem. There were some differences in the degree of re-permeability of tobacco stem in different regions. The degree of re-permeability of tobacco stem was lowest in Sanmenxia, He'nan, and highest in Qianxi'nan. The degree of re-permeability of tobacco stem decreased with the increase of the stem length and diameter, increased with the increase of stem washing time and water temperature, and increased first and then decreased with the increase of stem storage time. Place of origin, stem washing time, water temperature, stem storage time, and the interaction between place of origin and stem storage time had a very significant impact on the degree of tobacco stem re-permeability, but the interaction between place of origin and stem washing time and water temperature was not significant.
A quantitative characterization method of tobacco stem re-permeability was established by texture analyzer, and the best instrument test parameters were determined. The method was used to characterize the degree of tobacco stem re-premeability under different regions, specifications and moisture regain parameters. The results showed that the best test parameters: the probe model was HDP/BSK shear type probe, the probe's pre-test, test and return speed was 5.0 mm/s, 1.0 mm/s, 5.0 mm/s, respectively trigger force was 15 g, and strain was 170%; the intra-day and inter-day precisions were 6.44% and 4.26%, indicating that this quantitative characterization method had high precision and good repeatability, which could objectively evaluate the degree of re-permeability of tobacco stem. There were some differences in the degree of re-permeability of tobacco stem in different regions. The degree of re-permeability of tobacco stem was lowest in Sanmenxia, He'nan, and highest in Qianxi'nan. The degree of re-permeability of tobacco stem decreased with the increase of the stem length and diameter, increased with the increase of stem washing time and water temperature, and increased first and then decreased with the increase of stem storage time. Place of origin, stem washing time, water temperature, stem storage time, and the interaction between place of origin and stem storage time had a very significant impact on the degree of tobacco stem re-permeability, but the interaction between place of origin and stem washing time and water temperature was not significant.
2022, 37(2)
:78-86.
doi: 10.12187/2022.02.011
Abstract:
In order to study the influence of ratio and amount of smoke producing agent on the release characteristics of the heated cigarette smoke aerosol, a series of heated cigarettes with different mass ratio and amount of glycerol (GL)/1,2-propylene glycol(PG) were prepared. The cigarette was sucked by the smoking machine and the aerosol was collected puff-by-puff, then the release of aerosol collected mass, PG, GL and nicotine in different heated cigarette samples were detected and analyzed. The results showed that when the total amount of GL/PG was 20% (mass fraction), with the GL/PG mass ratio decreasing from 95/5 to 50/50, the puff-by-puff release quantity of PG increased and the increase trend of total PG release quantity was more obvious, the puff-by-puff release quantity of GL decreased and the decrease trend of total GL release quantity was more obvious, and the puff-by-puff release quantity of nicotine decreased and the total release decreased linearly. The GL/PG mass ratio of smoke producing agent was basically linearly correlated with the GL/PG mass ratio in aerosol. When the mass ratio of GL/PG was fixed at 80/20, with the total addition amount increased from 0% to 25%, the release quantity of PG and GL increased, and the stability of puff-by-puff release decreased; when the total addition amount was more than 10%, the puff-by-puff quantity of aerosol collected mass increased significantly, and the release quantity of nicotine changed slightly. The total addition amount of GL/PG in heated cigarette had no significant effect on the GL/PG mass ratio in aerosol.
In order to study the influence of ratio and amount of smoke producing agent on the release characteristics of the heated cigarette smoke aerosol, a series of heated cigarettes with different mass ratio and amount of glycerol (GL)/1,2-propylene glycol(PG) were prepared. The cigarette was sucked by the smoking machine and the aerosol was collected puff-by-puff, then the release of aerosol collected mass, PG, GL and nicotine in different heated cigarette samples were detected and analyzed. The results showed that when the total amount of GL/PG was 20% (mass fraction), with the GL/PG mass ratio decreasing from 95/5 to 50/50, the puff-by-puff release quantity of PG increased and the increase trend of total PG release quantity was more obvious, the puff-by-puff release quantity of GL decreased and the decrease trend of total GL release quantity was more obvious, and the puff-by-puff release quantity of nicotine decreased and the total release decreased linearly. The GL/PG mass ratio of smoke producing agent was basically linearly correlated with the GL/PG mass ratio in aerosol. When the mass ratio of GL/PG was fixed at 80/20, with the total addition amount increased from 0% to 25%, the release quantity of PG and GL increased, and the stability of puff-by-puff release decreased; when the total addition amount was more than 10%, the puff-by-puff quantity of aerosol collected mass increased significantly, and the release quantity of nicotine changed slightly. The total addition amount of GL/PG in heated cigarette had no significant effect on the GL/PG mass ratio in aerosol.
2022, 37(2)
:87-93,101.
doi: 10.12187/2022.02.012
Abstract:
In order to study the physical properties of aerosol from electrically heated tobacco products (HTPs) and to provide the basis for the inhalation safety evaluation of aerosol from HTPs, [BP)]20 kinds of electrically heated cigarettes from 5 brands in the market were collected to characterize and compare the physical properties (number concentration, count median diameter and volume concentration) of total and puff-by-puff released aerosol. The results showed that the particle number concentration of the total aerosol released from the electrically heated cigarette was mainly in the order of 109/cm3, and the particle volume concentration was in the order of 105 μm3/cm3. The particle size distribution profiles of aerosol were unimodal or bimodal, and the count median diameter was mainly in the range of 30~60 nm. There were obvious differences in physical properties of total and puff-by-puff release of the aerosol from different brands of electrically heated cigarettes. The particle number concentration, count median diameter and volume concentration of the aerosol puff-by-puff released from the electrically heated cigarettes showed a certain degree of instability.
In order to study the physical properties of aerosol from electrically heated tobacco products (HTPs) and to provide the basis for the inhalation safety evaluation of aerosol from HTPs, [BP)]20 kinds of electrically heated cigarettes from 5 brands in the market were collected to characterize and compare the physical properties (number concentration, count median diameter and volume concentration) of total and puff-by-puff released aerosol. The results showed that the particle number concentration of the total aerosol released from the electrically heated cigarette was mainly in the order of 109/cm3, and the particle volume concentration was in the order of 105 μm3/cm3. The particle size distribution profiles of aerosol were unimodal or bimodal, and the count median diameter was mainly in the range of 30~60 nm. There were obvious differences in physical properties of total and puff-by-puff release of the aerosol from different brands of electrically heated cigarettes. The particle number concentration, count median diameter and volume concentration of the aerosol puff-by-puff released from the electrically heated cigarettes showed a certain degree of instability.
2022, 37(2)
:94-101.
doi: 10.12187/2022.02.013
Abstract:
Tobacco foreign material eliminating is an important step in the process of cigarette production. Through combing the research progress of tobacco foreign material eliminating technology in cigarette processing in China, it was pointed out that there were significant differences of tobacco foreign material in threshing and redrying, tobacco primary processing, rolling and wrapping process and waste cigarette treatment process. The tobacco foreign material eliminating methods in domestic cigarette processing included air purification removal, photoelectric impurity removal, laser impurity removal, etc. Different impurity removal methods had their advantages, disadvantages and applicable conditions. However, these impurity removal methods and technologies for tobacco were basically used alone, which made it difficult to meet the impurity removal efficiency while taking into account other index requirements. In the future, it should focus on in-depth research from three aspects: clarifying the characteristics and service conditions of various impurity removal methods, optimizing and upgrading the existing commonly used impurity removal methods, and carrying out research on multiple impurity removal and integrated composite impurity removal technologies. This would comprehensively improve the level of tobacco foreign material eliminating technology in the cigarette processing process, and then improve the cigarette product processing quality.
Tobacco foreign material eliminating is an important step in the process of cigarette production. Through combing the research progress of tobacco foreign material eliminating technology in cigarette processing in China, it was pointed out that there were significant differences of tobacco foreign material in threshing and redrying, tobacco primary processing, rolling and wrapping process and waste cigarette treatment process. The tobacco foreign material eliminating methods in domestic cigarette processing included air purification removal, photoelectric impurity removal, laser impurity removal, etc. Different impurity removal methods had their advantages, disadvantages and applicable conditions. However, these impurity removal methods and technologies for tobacco were basically used alone, which made it difficult to meet the impurity removal efficiency while taking into account other index requirements. In the future, it should focus on in-depth research from three aspects: clarifying the characteristics and service conditions of various impurity removal methods, optimizing and upgrading the existing commonly used impurity removal methods, and carrying out research on multiple impurity removal and integrated composite impurity removal technologies. This would comprehensively improve the level of tobacco foreign material eliminating technology in the cigarette processing process, and then improve the cigarette product processing quality.
2022, 37(2)
:102-109.
doi: 10.12187/2022.02.014
Abstract:
Two coacervate phases with different microstructures were constructed with cationic quaternary ammonium gemini surfactant hexamethylene-1,6-bis(dodecyldimethylammonium bromide) (12-6-12), sodium benzoate (NaBz) and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC), and the anionic dye methyl orange (MO) was extracted from aqueous solution. The experiments results showed that the coacervate phases of 12-6-12/NaBz and 12-6-12/NaBz/NaCMC were respectively worm-like micelle entanglement and three-dimensional network structure, and they had great efficiency in the extraction of MO from water. Moreover, the two coacervate phases could selectively extract anionic dye MO in the presence of cationic dye methylene blue. The possible extraction mechanism could be that after adding MO into the coacervate phase, some MO molecules were embedded into the 12-6-12 micellar core through the benzene ring structure, and some MO molecules were adsorbed on the 12-6-12 micellar surface, which participated in the formation of the coacervate phase with network structure.
Two coacervate phases with different microstructures were constructed with cationic quaternary ammonium gemini surfactant hexamethylene-1,6-bis(dodecyldimethylammonium bromide) (12-6-12), sodium benzoate (NaBz) and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC), and the anionic dye methyl orange (MO) was extracted from aqueous solution. The experiments results showed that the coacervate phases of 12-6-12/NaBz and 12-6-12/NaBz/NaCMC were respectively worm-like micelle entanglement and three-dimensional network structure, and they had great efficiency in the extraction of MO from water. Moreover, the two coacervate phases could selectively extract anionic dye MO in the presence of cationic dye methylene blue. The possible extraction mechanism could be that after adding MO into the coacervate phase, some MO molecules were embedded into the 12-6-12 micellar core through the benzene ring structure, and some MO molecules were adsorbed on the 12-6-12 micellar surface, which participated in the formation of the coacervate phase with network structure.
2022, 37(2)
:110-118.
doi: 10.12187/2022.02.015
Abstract:
Ionic liquid surfactant N-hexadecyl-N-methylpiperidinium bromide ([C16MPip]Br) was used as a template to prepare mesoporous silica with controllable morphology in alkaline medium via hydrothermal method. The influence of the [C16MPip]Br/TEOS and NH4OH/TEOS molar ratios, hydration temperature and calcination temperature on the synthesis of mesoporous silica were analyzed. Small angle X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption-desorption, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were respectively employed to characterize the structure of prepared mesoporous silica. The results showed that the structure of mesoporous silica could be changed by the reaction conditions. Ordered mesoporous silica MCM-41 could be prepared with [C16MPip]Br as templates, and the specific surface area and pore diameter were about 1000 m2/g and 2.5 nm when the molar ratio of [C16MPip]Br/TEOS and NH4OH/TEOS were 0.32 and 13, the hydration temperature was 25 ℃, and the calicination temperature was 550 ℃.
Ionic liquid surfactant N-hexadecyl-N-methylpiperidinium bromide ([C16MPip]Br) was used as a template to prepare mesoporous silica with controllable morphology in alkaline medium via hydrothermal method. The influence of the [C16MPip]Br/TEOS and NH4OH/TEOS molar ratios, hydration temperature and calcination temperature on the synthesis of mesoporous silica were analyzed. Small angle X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption-desorption, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were respectively employed to characterize the structure of prepared mesoporous silica. The results showed that the structure of mesoporous silica could be changed by the reaction conditions. Ordered mesoporous silica MCM-41 could be prepared with [C16MPip]Br as templates, and the specific surface area and pore diameter were about 1000 m2/g and 2.5 nm when the molar ratio of [C16MPip]Br/TEOS and NH4OH/TEOS were 0.32 and 13, the hydration temperature was 25 ℃, and the calicination temperature was 550 ℃.
2022, 37(2)
:119-126.
doi: 10.12187/2022.02.016
Abstract:
In order to increase the working voltage of the aqueous zinc ion batteries with manganese-based material as the positive electrode material, an ultrathin nanosheet array (MnCO3 NA) was grown on a nickel foam substrate by a one-step solvothermal method. The structure, morphology and electrochemical properties of MnCO3 NA were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope and battery performance tester. The experiments results showed that the thickness of the MnCO3 NA was about 30 nm and the height was about 500 nm. It was directly applied to the zinc ion battery in the alkaline electrolyte, delivering a high working voltage of 1.73 V, a specific discharge capacity of 255.41 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g, and a capacity retention of 83.1% after 270 charge-discharge cycles at 0.5 A/g. In addition, the zinc storage mechanism of the electrode was a mono-phase reaction from Mn2+ to Mn3+, which was analyzed by ex-situ XRD and photoelectron spectroscopy at different potential states.
In order to increase the working voltage of the aqueous zinc ion batteries with manganese-based material as the positive electrode material, an ultrathin nanosheet array (MnCO3 NA) was grown on a nickel foam substrate by a one-step solvothermal method. The structure, morphology and electrochemical properties of MnCO3 NA were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope and battery performance tester. The experiments results showed that the thickness of the MnCO3 NA was about 30 nm and the height was about 500 nm. It was directly applied to the zinc ion battery in the alkaline electrolyte, delivering a high working voltage of 1.73 V, a specific discharge capacity of 255.41 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g, and a capacity retention of 83.1% after 270 charge-discharge cycles at 0.5 A/g. In addition, the zinc storage mechanism of the electrode was a mono-phase reaction from Mn2+ to Mn3+, which was analyzed by ex-situ XRD and photoelectron spectroscopy at different potential states.
Journal Information
Founded in 1986， bimonthly
Administered by：The Education Department Henan Province
Sponsored by：Zhengzhou University of Light Industry
Editor-in-chief：Wei Shizhong
Executive Editor-in-Chief：Zou Lin
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Edited & published by：Editorial Department of Journal of Light Industry
CN 41-1437/TS
ISSN 2096-1553
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